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| 1144 |
| | The fall of Edessa prompts the pope, Eugenius III, to call for a second crusade to defend the Latin kingdom | |
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| 1208 |
| | The murder of the pope's legate to Toulouse provokes the Albigensian crusade, which aims to wipe out the Catharist heresy | |
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| 1216 |
| | The Dominicans are formally established by Pope Honorius III as Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum, the Order of the Friars Preachers | |
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| 1220 |
| | Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman emperor by a somewhat reluctant pope, Honorius III | |
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| 1255 |
| | The pope, eager to fill the vacant throne of Sicily, offers it to a son of Henry III of England but gets no firm response | |
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| 1256 |
| | Pope Alexander IV establishes a third order of preaching friars, the Augustinians | |
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| 1258 |
| | Henry III accepts severe curtailment of his powers in the Provisions of Oxford, but then asks the pope to absolve him from his oath | |
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| 1263 |
| | Pope Urban IV offers Sicily to a French prince, Charles of Anjou, who marches south in 1266 to fight for the kingdom | |
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| 1302 |
| | The estates-general of France gather for the first time, in Notre Dame, to consider the king's relationship with the pope | |
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| 1309 |
| | Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon, in a move which is expected to be temporary but which lasts for nearly seventy years | |
| | Avignon Fotofile CG
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